Plant Signalling mechanism enabling nitrogen-fixing bacteria internalization in legume root nodule

Nitrogen is one of the most limiting nutrients for plants. Despite its abundance in the atmosphere, plants cannot directly utilize atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). Their growth relies entirely on fixed nitrogen obtained either from soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a process called biological nitrogen fixation, or from the intensive application of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers. The latter has emerged as the main method to boost crop productivity since the mid-1900s. However, this practice has inflicted considerable damage on our environment. As a result, a significant challenge is the reduction of inorganic fertilizer usage within agricultural practice.

Root legume endosymbiosis is one of the most efficient biological nitrogen fixation processes in which nitrogen fixing bacteria, so called rhizobia, are directly delivered within the cells of a new plant organ, the root nodule. The root nodule provides cellular microaerobic conditions for bacterial nitrogenase activity and atmospheric dinitrogen fixation. Although root legume endosymbiosis has been studied for decades, the signalling mechanism controlling the internalization of rhizobia within the root nodule cells has remained a central enigma and represents a cross-kingdom interaction that defies conventional boundaries in biological relationship. This biological process draws parallels to the endosymbiotic theory, which explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells by incorporation of free-living procaryotic cells. However, in root endosymbiosis, the internalization is not an historical relic but an ongoing, dynamic process with ecological and agricultural implications. Here, we aim to uncover and characterize the signalling pathway and mechanism allowing internalization of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia into root nodule cells. By combining state-of-the-art cell biology, molecular genetics, proteomics and single cell RNA sequencing technologies, we will identify the key factors and the minimal cellular program that enable...