The effect of stress on bee foraging behaviour

Background: The influence of stress on cognition is a key current consideration for animal welfare in vertebrates, but this has rarely been studied in invertebrates. Understanding similar responses in invertebrates such as bees would have crucial implications for their pollinator services and agriculture. Bumblebees are ideal systems to study these stress responses as they are easily kept in the lab and their cognition and behaviour is well characterized. A handful of previous papers have begun to show evidence of stress-induced cognitive changes in bees and have implicated bioamines such as dopamine in these changes. This project will use an animal welfare approach to investigate bee responses to major natural stressors and the mechanisms underlying these responses.

Aims: 1) To characterize how stressors affect the immediate cognitive behaviours during pollination 2) To determine the time course of these effects in relation to the duration and frequency of stress 3) To investigate the neurochemicals underlying the stress response in bees

Methodology: We will use behavioural assays called judgement bias tests that evaluate bee responses post-stress to ambiguous sources of reward. These classic tests for welfare have rarely been used with bees, but ongoing work in the PI's lab has used the approach to show cognitive biases in bees. These tests will characterize the time course of the response as well as the effect of stress duration and frequency (Years 1 and 2). Machine-learning based approaches using DeepLabCut, a Python-based open source software, will be used to characterize behaviour including changes in reward consumption and persistence on flowers (Year 2). To understand the mechanisms underlying these changes, work in the second supervisor's lab will investigate changes to the expression of dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain at the level of both RNA (with qPCRs) and protein (with brain immunostaining and imaging) (Years 3 and 4)....